node包管理工具npm的更多用法

摘要：的包管理工具现在的火热程度一点都没有下降，而成为了前端必备工具，特别是的包库已经成为了前端必备的，即使你不接触作为后端的存在，现在各种第三方包依然需要使用来管理，可以说一个现代化的前段工程如果不使用类似这样的包管理工具的话，应该不算一个大型

node现在的火热程度一点都没有下降，而成为了前端必备工具，特别是npm的包库已经成为了前端必备的，即使你不接触node作为后端的存在，现在各种第三方包依然需要使用npm来管理，可以说一个现代化的前段工程如果不使用类似npm这样的包管理工具的话，应该不算一个大型工程。

官方网站：https://docs.npmjs.com/ ，npm的安装什么的就不说了，node的大部分版本也都自带了npm，npm管理者node的大部分包，开发者可以上传自己写的包供他人使用，也可以下载使用别人写好的包进行使用，
使用npm init 来进行初始化一个项目，会生成一个package.json文件，而版本管理就依赖这个文件，官方给的样例文件：

{
"version": "5.3.0",
"name": "npm",
"description": "a package manager for JavaScript",
"keywords": [
"install",
"modules",
"package manager",
"package.json"
],
"preferGlobal": true,
"config": {
"publishtest": false
},
"homepage": "https://docs.npmjs.com/",
"author": {
"name": "Isaac Z. Schlueter",
"email": "i@izs.me",
"url": "http://blog.izs.me"
},
"repository": {
"type": "git",
"url": "git+https://github.com/npm/npm.git"
},
"bugs": {
"url": "https://github.com/npm/npm/issues"
},
"directories": {
"bin": "./bin",
"doc": "./doc",
"lib": "./lib",
"man": "./man"
},
"main": "./lib/npm.js",
"bin": {
"npm": "./bin/npm-cli.js",
"npx": "./bin/npx-cli.js"
},
"dependencies": {
"JSONStream": "~1.3.1",
"abbrev": "~1.1.0",
"ansi-regex": "~3.0.0",
"ansicolors": "~0.3.2",
"ansistyles": "~0.1.3",
"aproba": "~1.1.2",
"archy": "~1.0.0",
"bluebird": "~3.5.0",
"cacache": "~9.2.9",
"call-limit": "~1.1.0",
"chownr": "~1.0.1",
"cmd-shim": "~2.0.2",
"columnify": "~1.5.4",
"config-chain": "~1.1.11",
"detect-indent": "~5.0.0",
"dezalgo": "~1.0.3",
"editor": "~1.0.0",
"fs-vacuum": "~1.2.10",
"fs-write-stream-atomic": "~1.0.10",
"fstream": "~1.0.11",
"fstream-npm": "~1.2.1",
"glob": "~7.1.2",
"graceful-fs": "~4.1.11",
"has-unicode": "~2.0.1",
"hosted-git-info": "~2.5.0",
"iferr": "~0.1.5",
"inflight": "~1.0.6",
"inherits": "~2.0.3",
"ini": "~1.3.4",
"init-package-json": "~1.10.1",
"lazy-property": "~1.0.0",
"libnpx": "~9.2.0",
"lockfile": "~1.0.3",
"lodash._baseuniq": "~4.6.0",
"lodash.clonedeep": "~4.5.0",
"lodash.union": "~4.6.0",
"lodash.uniq": "~4.5.0",
"lodash.without": "~4.4.0",
"lru-cache": "~4.1.1",
"mississippi": "~1.3.0",
"mkdirp": "~0.5.1",
"move-concurrently": "~1.0.1",
"node-gyp": "~3.6.2",
"nopt": "~4.0.1",
"normalize-package-data": "~2.4.0",
"npm-cache-filename": "~1.0.2",
"npm-install-checks": "~3.0.0",
"npm-package-arg": "~5.1.2",
"npm-registry-client": "~8.4.0",
"npm-user-validate": "~1.0.0",
"npmlog": "~4.1.2",
"once": "~1.4.0",
"opener": "~1.4.3",
"osenv": "~0.1.4",
"pacote": "~2.7.38",
"path-is-inside": "~1.0.2",
"promise-inflight": "~1.0.1",
"read": "~1.0.7",
"read-cmd-shim": "~1.0.1",
"read-installed": "~4.0.3",
"read-package-json": "~2.0.10",
"read-package-tree": "~5.1.6",
"readable-stream": "~2.3.3",
"request": "~2.81.0",
"retry": "~0.10.1",
"rimraf": "~2.6.1",
"safe-buffer": "~5.1.1",
"semver": "~5.3.0",
"sha": "~2.0.1",
"slide": "~1.1.6",
"sorted-object": "~2.0.1",
"sorted-union-stream": "~2.1.3",
"ssri": "~4.1.6",
"strip-ansi": "~4.0.0",
"tar": "~2.2.1",
"text-table": "~0.2.0",
"uid-number": "0.0.6",
"umask": "~1.1.0",
"unique-filename": "~1.1.0",
"unpipe": "~1.0.0",
"update-notifier": "~2.2.0",
"uuid": "~3.1.0",
"validate-npm-package-name": "~3.0.0",
"which": "~1.2.14",
"worker-farm": "~1.4.1",
"wrappy": "~1.0.2",
"write-file-atomic": "~2.1.0",
"debuglog": "*",
"imurmurhash": "*",
"lodash._baseindexof": "*",
"lodash._bindcallback": "*",
"lodash._cacheindexof": "*",
"lodash._createcache": "*",
"lodash._getnative": "*",
"lodash.restparam": "*",
"readdir-scoped-modules": "*",
"validate-npm-package-license": "*"
},
"bundleDependencies": [
"abbrev",
"ansi-regex",
"ansicolors",
"ansistyles",
"aproba",
"archy",
"cacache",
"call-limit",
"bluebird",
"chownr",
"cmd-shim",
"columnify",
"config-chain",
"debuglog",
"detect-indent",
"dezalgo",
"editor",
"fs-vacuum",
"fs-write-stream-atomic",
"fstream",
"fstream-npm",
"glob",
"graceful-fs",
"has-unicode",
"hosted-git-info",
"iferr",
"imurmurhash",
"inflight",
"inherits",
"ini",
"init-package-json",
"JSONStream",
"lazy-property",
"lockfile",
"lodash._baseindexof",
"lodash._baseuniq",
"lodash._bindcallback",
"lodash._cacheindexof",
"lodash._createcache",
"lodash._getnative",
"lodash.clonedeep",
"lodash.restparam",
"lodash.union",
"lodash.uniq",
"lodash.without",
"lru-cache",
"mkdirp",
"mississippi",
"move-concurrently",
"node-gyp",
"nopt",
"normalize-package-data",
"npm-cache-filename",
"npm-install-checks",
"npm-package-arg",
"npm-registry-client",
"npm-user-validate",
"npmlog",
"once",
"opener",
"osenv",
"pacote",
"path-is-inside",
"promise-inflight",
"read",
"read-cmd-shim",
"read-installed",
"read-package-json",
"read-package-tree",
"readable-stream",
"readdir-scoped-modules",
"request",
"retry",
"rimraf",
"semver",
"sha",
"slide",
"sorted-object",
"sorted-union-stream",
"ssri",
"strip-ansi",
"tar",
"text-table",
"uid-number",
"umask",
"unique-filename",
"unpipe",
"update-notifier",
"uuid",
"validate-npm-package-license",
"validate-npm-package-name",
"which",
"wrappy",
"write-file-atomic",
"safe-buffer",
"worker-farm",
"libnpx"
],
"devDependencies": {
"deep-equal": "~1.0.1",
"marked": "~0.3.6",
"marked-man": "~0.2.1",
"npm-registry-couchapp": "~2.6.13",
"npm-registry-mock": "~1.1.0",
"require-inject": "~1.4.2",
"sprintf-js": "~1.1.1",
"standard": "~6.0.8",
"tacks": "~1.2.6",
"tap": "~10.7.0"
},
"scripts": {
"dumpconf": "env | grep npm | sort | uniq",
"prepare": "node bin/npm-cli.js --no-timing prune --prefix=. --no-global && rimraf test/*/*/node_modules && make -j4 doc",
"preversion": "bash scripts/update-authors.sh && git add AUTHORS && git commit -m "update AUTHORS" || true",
"tap": "tap --timeout 300",
"tap-cover": "tap --nyc-arg="--cache" --coverage --timeout 600",
"test": "standard && npm run test-tap",
"test-coverage": "npm run tap-cover -- "test/tap/*.js" "test/network/*.js" "test/broken-under-*/*.js"",
"test-tap": "npm run tap -- "test/tap/*.js" "test/network/*.js" "test/broken-under-*/*.js"",
"test-node": "tap --timeout 240 "test/tap/*.js" "test/network/*.js" "test/broken-under-nyc*/*.js""
},
"license": "Artistic-2.0",
"contributors": [
{
"name": "Isaac Z. Schlueter",
"email": "i@izs.me"
},
{
"name": "Steve Steiner",
"email": "ssteinerX@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Mikeal Rogers",
"email": "mikeal.rogers@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Aaron Blohowiak",
"email": "aaron.blohowiak@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Martyn Smith",
"email": "martyn@dollyfish.net.nz"
},
{
"name": "Charlie Robbins",
"email": "charlie.robbins@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Francisco Treacy",
"email": "francisco.treacy@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Cliffano Subagio",
"email": "cliffano@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Christian Eager",
"email": "christian.eager@nokia.com"
},
{
"name": "Dav Glass",
"email": "davglass@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Alex K. Wolfe",
"email": "alexkwolfe@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "James Sanders",
"email": "jimmyjazz14@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Reid Burke",
"email": "me@reidburke.com"
},
{
"name": "Arlo Breault",
"email": "arlolra@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Timo Derstappen",
"email": "teemow@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Bart Teeuwisse",
"email": "bart.teeuwisse@thecodemill.biz"
},
{
"name": "Ben Noordhuis",
"email": "info@bnoordhuis.nl"
},
{
"name": "Tor Valamo",
"email": "tor.valamo@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Whyme.Lyu",
"email": "5longluna@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Olivier Melcher",
"email": "olivier.melcher@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Toma啪 Muraus",
"email": "kami@k5-storitve.net"
},
{
"name": "Evan Meagher",
"email": "evan.meagher@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Orlando Vazquez",
"email": "ovazquez@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Kai Chen",
"email": "kaichenxyz@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "George Miroshnykov",
"email": "gmiroshnykov@lohika.com"
},
{
"name": "Geoff Flarity",
"email": "geoff.flarity@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Max Goodman",
"email": "c@chromakode.com"
},
{
"name": "Pete Kruckenberg",
"email": "pete@kruckenberg.com"
},
{
"name": "Laurie Harper",
"email": "laurie@holoweb.net"
},
{
"name": "Chris Wong",
"email": "chris@chriswongstudio.com"
},
{
"name": "Scott Bronson",
"email": "brons_github@rinspin.com"
},
{
"name": "Federico Romero",
"email": "federomero@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Visnu Pitiyanuvath",
"email": "visnupx@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Irakli Gozalishvili",
"email": "rfobic@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Mark Cahill",
"email": "mark@tiemonster.info"
},
{
"name": "Tony",
"email": "zearin@gonk.net"
},
{
"name": "Iain Sproat",
"email": "iainsproat@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Trent Mick",
"email": "trentm@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Felix Geisendo虉rfer",
"email": "felix@debuggable.com"
},
{
"name": "Jameson Little",
"email": "t.jameson.little@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Conny Brunnkvist",
"email": "conny@fuchsia.se"
},
{
"name": "Will Elwood",
"email": "w.elwood08@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Dean Landolt",
"email": "dean@deanlandolt.com"
},
{
"name": "Oleg Efimov",
"email": "efimovov@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Martin Cooper",
"email": "mfncooper@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Jann Horn",
"email": "jannhorn@googlemail.com"
},
{
"name": "Andrew Bradley",
"email": "cspotcode@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Maciej Ma艂ecki",
"email": "me@mmalecki.com"
},
{
"name": "Stephen Sugden",
"email": "glurgle@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Michael Budde",
"email": "mbudde@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Jason Smith",
"email": "jhs@iriscouch.com"
},
{
"name": "Gautham Pai",
"email": "buzypi@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "David Trejo",
"email": "david.daniel.trejo@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Paul Vorbach",
"email": "paul@vorb.de"
},
{
"name": "George Ornbo",
"email": "george@shapeshed.com"
},
{
"name": "Tim Oxley",
"email": "secoif@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Tyler Green",
"email": "tyler.green2@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Dave Pacheco",
"email": "dap@joyent.com"
},
{
"name": "Danila Gerasimov",
"email": "danila.gerasimov@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Rod Vagg",
"email": "rod@vagg.org"
},
{
"name": "Christian Howe",
"email": "coderarity@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Andrew Lunny",
"email": "alunny@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Henrik Hodne",
"email": "dvyjones@binaryhex.com"
},
{
"name": "Adam Blackburn",
"email": "regality@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Kris Windham",
"email": "kriswindham@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Jens Grunert",
"email": "jens.grunert@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Joost-Wim Boekesteijn",
"email": "joost-wim@boekesteijn.nl"
},
{
"name": "Dalmais Maxence",
"email": "root@ip-10-195-202-5.ec2.internal"
},
{
"name": "Marcus Ekwall",
"email": "marcus.ekwall@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Aaron Stacy",
"email": "aaron.r.stacy@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Phillip Howell",
"email": "phowell@cothm.org"
},
{
"name": "Domenic Denicola",
"email": "domenic@domenicdenicola.com"
},
{
"name": "James Halliday",
"email": "mail@substack.net"
},
{
"name": "Jeremy Cantrell",
"email": "jmcantrell@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Ribettes",
"email": "patlogan29@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Don Park",
"email": "donpark@docuverse.com"
},
{
"name": "Einar Otto Stangvik",
"email": "einaros@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Kei Son",
"email": "heyacct@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Nicolas Morel",
"email": "marsup@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Mark Dube",
"email": "markisdee@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Nathan Rajlich",
"email": "nathan@tootallnate.net"
},
{
"name": "Maxim Bogushevich",
"email": "boga1@mail.ru"
},
{
"name": "Meaglin",
"email": "Meaglin.wasabi@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Ben Evans",
"email": "ben@bensbit.co.uk"
},
{
"name": "Nathan Zadoks",
"email": "nathan@nathan7.eu"
},
{
"name": "Brian White",
"email": "mscdex@mscdex.net"
},
{
"name": "Jed Schmidt",
"email": "tr@nslator.jp"
},
{
"name": "Ian Livingstone",
"email": "ianl@cs.dal.ca"
},
{
"name": "Patrick Pfeiffer",
"email": "patrick@buzzle.at"
},
{
"name": "Paul Miller",
"email": "paul@paulmillr.com"
},
{
"name": "Ryan Emery",
"email": "seebees@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Carl Lange",
"email": "carl@flax.ie"
},
{
"name": "Jan Lehnardt",
"email": "jan@apache.org"
},
{
"name": "Stuart P. Bentley",
"email": "stuart@testtrack4.com"
},
{
"name": "Johan Sk枚ld",
"email": "johan@skold.cc"
},
{
"name": "Stuart Knightley",
"email": "stuart@stuartk.com"
},
{
"name": "Niggler",
"email": "nirk.niggler@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Paolo Fragomeni",
"email": "paolo@async.ly"
},
{
"name": "Jaakko Manninen",
"email": "jaakko@rocketpack.fi"
},
{
"name": "Luke Arduini",
"email": "luke.arduini@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Larz Conwell",
"email": "larz@larz-laptop.(none)",
"url": "none"
},
{
"name": "Marcel Klehr",
"email": "mklehr@gmx.net"
},
{
"name": "Robert Kowalski",
"email": "rok@kowalski.gd"
},
{
"name": "Forbes Lindesay",
"email": "forbes@lindesay.co.uk"
},
{
"name": "Vaz Allen",
"email": "vaz@tryptid.com"
},
{
"name": "Jake Verbaten",
"email": "raynos2@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Schabse Laks",
"email": "Dev@SLaks.net"
},
{
"name": "Florian Margaine",
"email": "florian@margaine.com"
},
{
"name": "Johan Nordberg",
"email": "its@johan-nordberg.com"
},
{
"name": "Ian Babrou",
"email": "ibobrik@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Di Wu",
"email": "dwu@palantir.com"
},
{
"name": "Mathias Bynens",
"email": "mathias@qiwi.be"
},
{
"name": "Matt McClure",
"email": "matt.mcclure@mapmyfitness.com"
},
{
"name": "Matt Lunn",
"email": "matt@mattlunn.me.uk"
},
{
"name": "Alexey Kreschuk",
"email": "akrsch@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "elisee",
"email": "elisee@sparklin.org"
},
{
"name": "Robert Gieseke",
"email": "robert.gieseke@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Franc抬ois Frisch",
"email": "francoisfrisch@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Trevor Burnham",
"email": "tburnham@hubspot.com"
},
{
"name": "Alan Shaw",
"email": "alan@freestyle-developments.co.uk"
},
{
"name": "TJ Holowaychuk",
"email": "tj@vision-media.ca"
},
{
"name": "Nicholas Kinsey",
"email": "pyro@feisty.io"
},
{
"name": "Paulo Cesar",
"email": "pauloc062@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Elan Shanker",
"email": "elan.shanker@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Jon Spencer",
"email": "jon@jonspencer.ca"
},
{
"name": "Jason Diamond",
"email": "jason@diamond.name"
},
{
"name": "Maximilian Antoni",
"email": "mail@maxantoni.de"
},
{
"name": "Thom Blake",
"email": "tblake@brightroll.com"
},
{
"name": "Jess Martin",
"email": "jessmartin@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Spain Train",
"email": "michael.spainhower@opower.com"
},
{
"name": "Alex Rodionov",
"email": "p0deje@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Matt Colyer",
"email": "matt@colyer.name"
},
{
"name": "Evan You",
"email": "yyx990803@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "bitspill",
"email": "bitspill+github@bitspill.net"
},
{
"name": "Gabriel Falkenberg",
"email": "gabriel.falkenberg@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Alexej Yaroshevich",
"email": "alex@qfox.ru"
},
{
"name": "Quim Calpe",
"email": "quim@kalpe.com"
},
{
"name": "Steve Mason",
"email": "stevem@brandwatch.com"
},
{
"name": "Wil Moore III",
"email": "wil.moore@wilmoore.com"
},
{
"name": "Sergey Belov",
"email": "peimei@ya.ru"
},
{
"name": "Tom Huang",
"email": "hzlhu.dargon@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "CamilleM",
"email": "camille.moulin@alterway.fr"
},
{
"name": "S茅bastien Santoro",
"email": "dereckson@espace-win.org"
},
{
"name": "Evan Lucas",
"email": "evan@btc.com"
},
{
"name": "Quinn Slack",
"email": "qslack@qslack.com"
},
{
"name": "Alex Kocharin",
"email": "alex@kocharin.ru"
},
{
"name": "Daniel Santiago",
"email": "daniel.santiago@highlevelwebs.com"
},
{
"name": "Denis Gladkikh",
"email": "outcoldman@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Andrew Horton",
"email": "andrew.j.horton@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Zeke Sikelianos",
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"name": "Sam Minnee",
"email": "sam@silverstripe.com"
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{
"name": "Zirak",
"email": "zirakertan@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Daniel Lupu",
"email": "lupu.daniel.f@gmail.com"
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{
"name": "Gianluca Casati",
"email": "fibo@users.noreply.github.com"
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{
"name": "Andr茅 Herculano",
"email": "andresilveirah@gmail.com"
},
{
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"email": "wpreul@gmail.com"
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"email": "mborins@us.ibm.com"
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{
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"email": "github.public@intelliot.com"
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{
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{
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"email": "moilanen.tapani@gmail.com"
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{
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{
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{
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{
"name": "Gregers Gram Rygg",
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{
"name": "Peter Dave Hello",
"email": "hsu@peterdavehello.org"
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{
"name": "Jordan Klassen",
"email": "forivall@gmail.com"
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{
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"email": "AlexChesters@users.noreply.github.com"
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"email": "robert.gay@redfin.com"
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{
"name": "Anna Henningsen",
"email": "github@addaleax.net"
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{
"name": "Kim R酶en",
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{
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"email": "dougwilson@live.com"
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"email": "mike@mike-engel.com"
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{
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"email": "alex@strugee.net"
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"email": "tuhoojabotti@gmail.com"
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{
"name": "Natalie Wolfe",
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{
"name": "Dmitry Litvinchenko",
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{
"name": "chocolateboy",
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"email": "ungoldman@gmail.com"
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{
"name": "Ted Yavuzkurt",
"email": "hello@TedY.io"
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{
"name": "Arseniy Maximov",
"email": "localhost@kern0.ru"
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{
"name": "Joshua Bennett",
"email": "legodude17@users.noreply.github.com"
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{
"name": "Evgeny Kulikov",
"email": "beyondcompute@users.noreply.github.com"
},
{
"name": "小泻芯胁芯褉芯写邪 袧懈泻懈褌邪 袗薪写褉械械胁懈褔",
"email": "chalkerx@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Carol",
"email": "carol.nichols@gmail.com",
"url": "Nichols || Goulding"
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{
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"email": "jaridmargolin@gmail.com"
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{
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{
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"email": "bdukes@engagesoftware.com"
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{
"name": "J F",
"email": "git@twopointzero.us"
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{
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"email": "pavloblack@hotmail.com"
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"email": "famousgarkin@outlook.com"
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"email": "jacknagel@users.noreply.github.com"
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"email": "jhwohlgemuth@users.noreply.github.com"
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"email": "hi@akiro.se"
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"email": "forivall@gmail.com"
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{
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"email": "jan.pilzer@gmx.de"
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这个会比较大，看一个简单的缩影：

  {
      "name": "algorithms-combined-js",
      "version": "1.0.1",
      "description": "algorithms for combined",
      "main": "libs/index.js",
      "scripts": {
        "build":"babel src -d libs",
        "prepublish":"npm run build",
        "test": "echo "Error: no test specified" && exit 1"
      },
      "repository": {
        "type": "git",
        "url": "git+https://github.com/rawbin-/algorithms-combined-js.git"
      },
      "keywords": [
        "algorithms",
        "javascript",
        "combination",
        "arrangement"
      ],
      "author": "rawbin-",
      "license": "ISC",
      "bugs": {
        "url": "https://github.com/rawbin-/algorithms-combined-js/issues"
      },
      "homepage": "https://github.com/rawbin-/algorithms-combined-js#readme",
      "devDependencies": {
        "babel-cli": "^6.18.0",
        "babel-preset-es2015": "^6.18.0",
        "babel-preset-stage-0": "^6.16.0"
      },
      "dependencies": {
        "underscore": "^1.8.3"
      }
    }

作为包管理工具，最为重要的就是版本管理，版本管理主要在package.json里面体现在一下几种书写方式：

使用> >= < <= = 和 ||来组合具体范围 1.2.7 || >=1.2.9 <2.0.0

使用-来指定范围 1.2.3 - 2.3.4 等于 >=1.2.3 <=2.3.4

使用x X * 或者 留空 来指定版本通配 1.x 等于 >=1.0.0 <2.0.0

使用~来指定最邻近右边的大版本范围，放开小版本的变更
~1.2.3 := >=1.2.3 <1.(2+1).0 := >=1.2.3 <1.3.0
~1.2 := >=1.2.0 <1.(2+1).0 := >=1.2.0 <1.3.0 (Same as 1.2.x)
~1 := >=1.0.0 <(1+1).0.0 := >=1.0.0 <2.0.0 (Same as 1.x)
~0.2.3 := >=0.2.3 <0.(2+1).0 := >=0.2.3 <0.3.0
~0.2 := >=0.2.0 <0.(2+1).0 := >=0.2.0 <0.3.0 (Same as 0.2.x)
~0 := >=0.0.0 <(0+1).0.0 := >=0.0.0 <1.0.0 (Same as 0.x)

使用^来限定最左边的大版本
^1.2.3 := >=1.2.3 <2.0.0
^0.2.3 := >=0.2.3 <0.3.0
^0.0.3 := >=0.0.3 <0.0.4

scripts 配置使用npm能运行的脚本的命令，npm 允许在package.json文件里面，使用scripts字段定义脚本命令。这个字段的内容比较丰富，也经常用到：

prepublish publish postpublish

preinstall install postinstall

preuninstall uninstall postuninstall

preversion version postversion

pretest test posttest

prestop stop poststop

prestart start poststart

prerestart restart postrestart

任意命令的运行方式为npm run scriptname,特殊的start stop restart test 可以直接用npm scriptname来运行，

script部分可以参考看：http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blo...

npm i xxx -g === npm install xxx --global

npm i xxx -S === npm install xxx --save

npm i xxx -D === npm install xxx --save-dev

npm un xxx === npm uninstall xxx

npm ls /查看安装的包

npm clean --force //强制清理安装的包

npm publish xxx

npm unpublish xxx

有的时候可能会出现安装一些包的时候特别慢，所以需要设置一下国内的源，最为通用的就是taobao的源，也可是使用其配置的npm别名cnpm，只不过是npm直接把源设置为国内的淘宝源，使用方法：

//设置别名，注意区分自己的终端是bash还是zsh
alias cnpm="npm --registry=https://registry.npm.taobao.org 
--cache=$HOME/.npm/.cache/cnpm 
--disturl=https://npm.taobao.org/dist 
--userconfig=$HOME/.cnpmrc"

# Or alias it in .bashrc or .zshrc
$ echo "
#alias for cnpm
alias cnpm="npm --registry=https://registry.npm.taobao.org 
  --cache=$HOME/.npm/.cache/cnpm 
  --disturl=https://npm.taobao.org/dist 
  --userconfig=$HOME/.cnpmrc"" >> ~/.zshrc && source ~/.zshrc

临时性的：

npm install -g cnpm --registry=https://registry.npm.taobao.org

npm config set registry http://registry.cnpmjs.org
//配置指向源 npm config set registry https://registry.npm.taobao.org

永久性：

registry =https://registry.npm.taobao.org //写入配置文件~/.npmrc