摘要:将的生命周期函数对应成,生命周期改变,会造成改变,而变化将触发事件,从而被接收。与一样,都是通过注册来监听的生命周期回调,来给每个添加的。
版权声明:本文已授权微信公众号:Android必修课,转载请申明出处众所周知,Android凡是需要展示给用户看的,都包含着生命周期这个概念,例如Activity、Fragment、View等都与生命周期息息相关,在生命周期函数里,它们各自完成创建、渲染、销毁等工作。
但是一旦我们往某个生命周期函数中,加入我们自己的逻辑,若是处理不当,就有可能破坏其原有的生命周期,造成内存泄漏甚至应用崩溃等问题。
Android官方似乎也注意到了这一点,因此在Google IO 2018大会上,推出了Android Jetpack开发工具包,其中就包含了一个非常重要的生命周期组件,即本篇的主角-Lifecycle
本文篇幅较长,请大家耐心阅读。
Lifecycle是什么?
Lifecycle是一个生命周期感知组件,一般用来响应Activity、Fragment等组件的生命周期变化,并将变化通知到已注册的观察者。有助于更好地组织代码,让代码逻辑符合生命周期规范,减少内存泄漏,增强稳定性。
Lifecycle已经纳入新版本的AppCompatActivity和Fragment中了,并且Lifecycle还是Android Jetpack中其他两个组件LiveData和ViewModel的基础,意味着这个库可能将持续伴随着我们后续的开发,因此有什么理由不学习一番呢?
按照国际规范,我们先讲使用,后解析源码。
一、使用 1.添加依赖:在app或者module目录下的build.gradle中,添加依赖:
dependencies { ...... implementation "android.arch.lifecycle:runtime:1.1.1" implementation "android.arch.lifecycle:extensions:1.1.1" // 如果你使用java8开发,可以添加这个依赖,里面只有一个类 implementation "android.arch.lifecycle:common-java8:1.1.1" }2.实现LifecycleObserver接口
public class Java7Observer implements LifecycleObserver { private static final String TAG = Java7Observer.class.getSimpleName(); @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_CREATE) public void onCreate() { Log.d(TAG, "onCreate"); } @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_START) public void onStart() { Log.d(TAG, "onStart"); } @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_RESUME) public void onResume() { Log.d(TAG, "onResume"); } @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_PAUSE) public void onPause() { Log.d(TAG, "onPause"); } @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_STOP) public void onStop() { Log.d(TAG, "onStop"); } @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_DESTROY) public void onDestroy() { Log.d(TAG, "onDestroy"); } }
首先,我们需要实现LifecycleObserver这个接口,然后在我们的方法上加上@OnLifecycleEvent注解,注解值表示该方法对应生命周期的哪个函数,这里我们把所有生命周期函数都加上了,并简单地打印了一句Log。
我想有人会问,为什么这个class要命名Java7Observer ? 没错,因为Java8中,官方推荐用另外一种方式:
public class Java8Observer implements DefaultLifecycleObserver { private static final String TAG = Java8Observer.class.getSimpleName(); @Override public void onCreate(@NonNull LifecycleOwner owner) { Log.d(TAG, "onCreate"); } @Override public void onStart(@NonNull LifecycleOwner owner) { Log.d(TAG, "onStart"); } @Override public void onResume(@NonNull LifecycleOwner owner) { Log.d(TAG, "onResume"); } @Override public void onPause(@NonNull LifecycleOwner owner) { Log.d(TAG, "onPause"); } @Override public void onStop(@NonNull LifecycleOwner owner) { Log.d(TAG, "onStop"); } @Override public void onDestroy(@NonNull LifecycleOwner owner) { Log.d(TAG, "onDestroy"); } }
理由很简单,Lifecycle源码中有一段注释:
/* ..... ** If you use Java 7 Language, Lifecycle events are observed using annotations. * Once Java 8 Language becomes mainstream on Android, annotations will be deprecated, so between * {@link DefaultLifecycleObserver} and annotations, * you must always prefer {@code DefaultLifecycleObserver}. *
* ...... */
翻译一下就是:“如果你丫的用的是java7,那你就用注解呗,但是我告诉你,一旦java8上位了,你那些注解就过时了,我劝你最好用DefaultLifecycleObserver”
3.将LifecycleObserver添加到Lifecycle的观察者列表如果你使用新版本的AppcompatActivity(>26.1.0),可以这么写:
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity { @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); // 直接调用getLifecycle(),添加Observer getLifecycle().addObserver(new Java7Observer()); getLifecycle().addObserver(new Java8Observer()); } }
如果你的AppCompatActivity没有更新到最新,那么你需要自实现LifecycleOwner接口,并在Activity生命周期函数中分发事件
public class MainActivity extends Activity implements LifecycleOwner { private LifecycleRegistry mLifecycleRegistry; @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); mLifecycleRegistry = new LifecycleRegistry(this); mLifecycleRegistry.handleLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_CREATE); mLifecycleRegistry.addObserver(new TestObserver()); } @NonNull @Override public Lifecycle getLifecycle() { return mLifecycleRegistry; } @Override public void onStart() { super.onStart(); mLifecycleRegistry.handleLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_START); } @Override public void onResume() { super.onResume(); mLifecycleRegistry.handleLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_RESUME); } @Override public void onPause() { mLifecycleRegistry.handleLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_PAUSE); super.onPause(); } @Override public void onStop() { mLifecycleRegistry.handleLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_STOP); super.onStop(); } @Override public void onDestroy() { mLifecycleRegistry.handleLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_DESTROY); super.onDestroy(); } }
ok,完事儿了,咱们跑起来看一哈,已经成功和生命周期关联上了。
能举个熟悉点的例子吗?MVP想必大家都用过,或者听说过,View层通过Presenter层和Model层进行通信,因此Presenter层如果做了什么超出View生命周期的事,又没有及时释放内存,就会造成内存泄漏。
所以,原来的Presenter,为了响应生命周期,我们可能会这么写:
先定义所有的生命周期函数
public class MainPresenter { public void onCreate() { } public void onStart() { } public void onResume() { } public void onPause() { } public void onStop() { } public void onDestroy() { } }
然后再与Activity生命周期一一绑定,如果有多个类似的需要响应生命周期的类,Activity的生命周期函数就会变得非常臃肿
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity { private MainPresenter mPresenter; @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); mPresenter = new MainPresenter(); mPresenter.onCreate(); } @Override protected void onResume() { super.onResume(); mPresenter.onCreate(); // VideoPlayer.onResume(); // ... } @Override protected void onStart() { super.onStart(); mPresenter.onStart(); // VideoPlayer.onStart(); // ... } @Override protected void onPause() { super.onPause(); mPresenter.onPause(); // VideoPlayer.onPause(); // ... } @Override protected void onStop() { super.onStop(); mPresenter.onStop(); // VideoPlayer.onStop(); // ... } @Override protected void onDestroy() { super.onDestroy(); mPresenter.onDestroy(); // VideoPlayer.onDestroy(); // ... } }
因此,Lifecycle就是为了解决这个痛点,将生命周期的响应分发到各个观察者中去,我们只需要在Activity中调用一行代码:
getLifecycle().addObserver(mPresenter);
代码量蹭蹭就下来了。诸如音视频播放、图片加载,这些吃内存大户,都应该响应生命周期,及时释放内存,否则很可能就会造成OOM。
二、知其然,还得知其所以然在项目中引入一个库,却不懂是怎么实现的,是一件非常危险的行为,因此我们不仅要学会怎么用,还得知道其中的原理。
先看一张官方的图:
可以看到两个很显眼的单词:State和Event,这也是贯穿整个Lifecycle的两个概念:状态和事件。
Lifecycle将Activity的生命周期函数对应成State,生命周期改变,会造成State改变,而State变化将触发Event事件,从而被LifecycleObser接收。
State:状态,是Lifecycle中对应Activity生命周期的一种状态标识,从图中可以看到,它有INITIALIZED、DESTROYED、CREATED、STARTED、RESUMED这5中状态。
INITIALIZED:对应Activity的onCreate之前的生命周期
DESTROYED:对应Activity的onDestroy
CREATED:对应Activity的onCreate到onStop之间的生命周期
STARTED:对应Activity的onStart到onPause之间的生命周期
RESUMED:对应Activity的onResume
Event:事件,当State发生变化时,Lifecycle会向已注册的LifecycleObserver发送事件,例如:当State从INITIALIZED变化到CREATED时,就会发出ON_CREATE事件。
因此,弄懂Lifecycle,其实也就是需要弄懂两件事:
State是如何与Activity/Fragment的生命周期绑定的?
Event事件是如何分发到LifecycleObserver的?
ok,带着这两个问题,我们开始看源码:
1.从AppCompatActivity的getLifecycle()开始直接ctrl+左键跟进源码,由于AppCompatActivity继承自SupportActivity,我们发现,AppCompatActivity.getLifecycle(),最终定位在了SupportActivity.getLifecycle()方法中
public class SupportActivity extends Activity implements LifecycleOwner { ...... private LifecycleRegistry mLifecycleRegistry = new LifecycleRegistry(this); @Override protected void onCreate(@Nullable Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); ReportFragment.injectIfNeededIn(this); } @Override public Lifecycle getLifecycle() { return mLifecycleRegistry; } ...... }
不难看到:
最终getLifecycle()返回的是一个LifecycleRegistry 对象,所以所有对LifecycleObserver的操作都是由LifecycleRegistry 完成的
在onCreate()方法中,我们还看到了一个ReportFragment.injectIfNeededIn(this),先做个标记,后面再说
2.LifecycleRegistry字面意思:生命周期登记处
这个类是Lifecycle中最重要的一个类,它是Lifecycle的子类,起着添加观察者,响应生命周期事件,分发生命周期事件的作用
public class LifecycleRegistry extends Lifecycle { // LifecycleObserver Map,每一个Observer都有一个State private FastSafeIterableMapmObserverMap = new FastSafeIterableMap<>(); // 当前的状态 private State mState; // 生命周期拥有者,上述的SupportActivity继承了LifecycleOwner private final WeakReference mLifecycleOwner; public LifecycleRegistry(@NonNull LifecycleOwner provider) { mLifecycleOwner = new WeakReference<>(provider); mState = INITIALIZED; } /** * 添加LifecycleObserver观察者,并将之前的状态分发给这个Observer,例如我们在onResume之后注册这个Observer, * 该Observer依然能收到ON_CREATE事件 */ public void addObserver(@NonNull LifecycleObserver observer) { State initialState = mState == DESTROYED ? DESTROYED : INITIALIZED; ObserverWithState statefulObserver = new ObserverWithState(observer, initialState); ObserverWithState previous = mObserverMap.putIfAbsent(observer, statefulObserver); ...... // 例如:Observer初始状态是INITIALIZED,当前状态是RESUMED,需要将INITIALIZED到RESUMED之间的 // 所有事件分发给Observer // while ((statefulObserver.mState.compareTo(targetState) < 0 && mObserverMap.contains(observer))) { pushParentState(statefulObserver.mState); statefulObserver.dispatchEvent(lifecycleOwner, upEvent(statefulObserver.mState)); popParentState(); targetState = calculateTargetState(observer); } ...... } /** * 处理生命周期事件 */ public void handleLifecycleEvent(@NonNull Lifecycle.Event event) { State next = getStateAfter(event); moveToState(next); } /** * 改变状态 */ private void moveToState(State next) { if (mState == next) { return; } mState = next; ...... sync(); ...... } /** * 同步Observer状态,并分发事件 */ private void sync() { LifecycleOwner lfecycleOwner = mLifecycleOwner.get(); if (lifecycleOwner == null) { Log.w(LOG_TAG, "LifecycleOwner is garbage collected, you shouldn"t try dispatch " + "new events from it."); return; } while (!isSynced()) { mNewEventOccurred = false; // State中,状态值是从DESTROYED-INITIALIZED-CREATED-STARTED-RESUMED增大 // 如果当前状态值 < Observer状态值,需要通知Observer减小状态值,直到等于当前状态值 if (mState.compareTo(mObserverMap.eldest().getValue().mState) < 0) { backwardPass(lifecycleOwner); } Entry newest = mObserverMap.newest(); // 如果当前状态值 > Observer状态值,需要通知Observer增大状态值,直到等于当前状态值 if (!mNewEventOccurred && newest != null && mState.compareTo(newest.getValue().mState) > 0) { forwardPass(lifecycleOwner); } } mNewEventOccurred = false; } /** * 向前传递事件,对应图中的INITIALIZED -> RESUMED * 增加Observer的状态值,直到状态值等于当前状态值 */ private void forwardPass(LifecycleOwner lifecycleOwner) { Iterator > ascendingIterator = mObserverMap.iteratorWithAdditions(); while (ascendingIterator.hasNext() && !mNewEventOccurred) { Entry entry = ascendingIterator.next(); ObserverWithState observer = entry.getValue(); while ((observer.mState.compareTo(mState) < 0 && !mNewEventOccurred && mObserverMap.contains(entry.getKey()))) { pushParentState(observer.mState); // 分发状态改变事件 observer.dispatchEvent(lifecycleOwner, upEvent(observer.mState)); popParentState(); } } } /** * 向后传递事件,对应图中的RESUMED -> DESTROYED * 减小Observer的状态值,直到状态值等于当前状态值 */ private void backwardPass(LifecycleOwner lifecycleOwner) { Iterator > descendingIterator = mObserverMap.descendingIterator(); while (descendingIterator.hasNext() && !mNewEventOccurred) { Entry entry = descendingIterator.next(); ObserverWithState observer = entry.getValue(); while ((observer.mState.compareTo(mState) > 0 && !mNewEventOccurred && mObserverMap.contains(entry.getKey()))) { Event event = downEvent(observer.mState); // 分发状态改变事件 pushParentState(getStateAfter(event)); observer.dispatchEvent(lifecycleOwner, event); popParentState(); } } } }
我们再看看新版AppCompatActivity是如何将事件分发给LifecycleRegistry的,还记得SupportActivity中有这么一段逻辑吗:
public class SupportActivity extends Activity implements LifecycleOwner { @Override protected void onCreate(@Nullable Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); ReportFragment.injectIfNeededIn(this); } }
我们看看ReportFragment是什么
3.ReportFragmentpublic class ReportFragment extends Fragment { public static void injectIfNeededIn(Activity activity) { android.app.FragmentManager manager = activity.getFragmentManager(); if (manager.findFragmentByTag(REPORT_FRAGMENT_TAG) == null) { manager.beginTransaction().add(new ReportFragment(), REPORT_FRAGMENT_TAG).commit(); manager.executePendingTransactions(); } } @Override public void onStart() { super.onStart(); dispatchStart(mProcessListener); dispatch(Lifecycle.Event.ON_START); } // ...... 其他生命周期也是同样调用了dispatch(Lifecycle.Event.xxx)分发事件 @Override public void onPause() { super.onPause(); dispatch(Lifecycle.Event.ON_PAUSE); } private void dispatch(Lifecycle.Event event) { Activity activity = getActivity(); if (activity instanceof LifecycleRegistryOwner) { ((LifecycleRegistryOwner) activity).getLifecycle().handleLifecycleEvent(event); return; } if (activity instanceof LifecycleOwner) { Lifecycle lifecycle = ((LifecycleOwner) activity).getLifecycle(); if (lifecycle instanceof LifecycleRegistry) { ((LifecycleRegistry) lifecycle).handleLifecycleEvent(event); } } } }
可以看到,SupportActivity添加了一个没有页面的ReportFragment,在ReportFragment的生命周期函数中,调用了LifecycleRegistry.handleLifecycleEvent()方法来分发生命周期事件。用一张图总结一下就是:
AppCompatActivity中添加了一个ReportFragment,其生命周期变化时,调用LifecycleRegistry.handleLifecycleEvent()方法通知LifecycleRegistry改变状态,LifecycleRegistry内部调用moveToState()改变状态,并调用每个LifecycleObserver.onStateChange()方法通知生命周期变化。
因为不是所有的页面都继承AppCompatActivity,为了兼容非AppCompatActivity,所以封装一个同样具有生命周期的Fragment来给Lifecycle分发生命周期事件。
那我们不继承新版本AppCompatActivity时,Lifecycle是如何通过ReportFragment来分发生命周期事件的呢?
这里我们直接使用AndroidStudio强大的搜索功能,alt+F7搜索ReportFragment的调用者,我们发现:除了SupportActivity以外,还有两个地方使用到了ReportFragment:LifecycleDispatcher和ProcessLifecycleOwner4.LifecycleDispatcher
字面意思:生命周期分发者
class LifecycleDispatcher { static void init(Context context) { ((Application) context.getApplicationContext()) .registerActivityLifecycleCallbacks(new DispatcherActivityCallback()); } /** * 给所有子Fragment设置State */ private static void markState(FragmentManager manager, State state) { Collectionfragments = manager.getFragments(); if (fragments == null) { return; } for (Fragment fragment : fragments) { if (fragment == null) { continue; } markStateIn(fragment, state); if (fragment.isAdded()) { markState(fragment.getChildFragmentManager(), state); } } } private static void markStateIn(Object object, State state) { if (object instanceof LifecycleRegistryOwner) { LifecycleRegistry registry = ((LifecycleRegistryOwner) object).getLifecycle(); registry.markState(state); } } // 通过注册Application.registerActivityLifecycleCallbacks来获取Activity的生命周期回调 static class DispatcherActivityCallback extends EmptyActivityLifecycleCallbacks { @Override public void onActivityCreated(Activity activity, Bundle savedInstanceState) { if (activity instanceof FragmentActivity) { ((FragmentActivity) activity).getSupportFragmentManager() .registerFragmentLifecycleCallbacks(mFragmentCallback, true); } // 给每个Activity添加ReportFragment ReportFragment.injectIfNeededIn(activity); } @Override public void onActivityStopped(Activity activity) { if (activity instanceof FragmentActivity) { markState((FragmentActivity) activity, CREATED); } } @Override public void onActivitySaveInstanceState(Activity activity, Bundle outState) { if (activity instanceof FragmentActivity) { markState((FragmentActivity) activity, CREATED); } } } }
可以看到LifecycleDispatcher是通过注册Application.registerActivityLifecycleCallbacks来监听Activity的生命周期回调的。
在onActivityCreated()中添加ReportFragment,将Activity的生命周期交给ReportFragment去分发给LifecycleRegistry
在onActivityStopped()以及onActivitySaveInstanceState()中,将Activity及其所有子Fragment的State置为CREATED
5.ProcessLifecycleOwner字面意思:线程生命周期拥有者
public class ProcessLifecycleOwner implements LifecycleOwner { public static LifecycleOwner get() { return sInstance; } static void init(Context context) { sInstance.attach(context); } void activityResumed() { mResumedCounter++; if (mResumedCounter == 1) { if (mPauseSent) { mRegistry.handleLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_RESUME); mPauseSent = false; } else { mHandler.removeCallbacks(mDelayedPauseRunnable); } } } void activityPaused() { mResumedCounter--; if (mResumedCounter == 0) { mHandler.postDelayed(mDelayedPauseRunnable, TIMEOUT_MS); } } private ActivityInitializationListener mInitializationListener = new ActivityInitializationListener() { @Override public void onCreate() {} @Override public void onStart() { activityStarted(); } @Override public void onResume() { activityResumed(); } }; void attach(Context context) { mHandler = new Handler(); mRegistry.handleLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_CREATE); Application app = (Application) context.getApplicationContext(); app.registerActivityLifecycleCallbacks(new EmptyActivityLifecycleCallbacks() { @Override public void onActivityCreated(Activity activity, Bundle savedInstanceState) { ReportFragment.get(activity).setProcessListener(mInitializationListener); } @Override public void onActivityPaused(Activity activity) { activityPaused(); } @Override public void onActivityStopped(Activity activity) { activityStopped(); } }); } }
根据官方注释,我们可以了解到:
ProcessLifecycleOwner是用来监听Application生命周期的,因此它只会分发一次ON_CREATE事件,并且不会分发ON_DESTROY事件。
ProcessLifecycleOwner在Activity的onResume和onStop方法中都采用了Handle.postDelayed()方法,是为了处理Activity重建时比如横竖屏幕切换时,不会发送事件。
ProcessLifecycleOwner一般用来判断应用是在前台还是后台。但由于使用了Handle.postDelayed(),因此这个判断不是即时的,有默认700ms的延迟。
ProcessLifecycleOwner与LifecycleDispatcher一样,都是通过注册Application.registerActivityLifecycleCallbacks来监听Activity的生命周期回调,来给每个Activity添加ReportFragment的。
从源码中我们看到,他们的入口都是init(Context),继续搜索源码,我们发现:
public class ProcessLifecycleOwnerInitializer extends ContentProvider { @Override public boolean onCreate() { LifecycleDispatcher.init(getContext()); ProcessLifecycleOwner.init(getContext()); return true; } // ...... } AndroidManifest.xml......
了然,Lifecycle自动在我们的AndroidManifest.xml中添加了一个ContentProvider,用于初始化ProcessLifecycleOwner和LifecycleDispatcher,这么做的好处是,不需要我们在Application中显示调用,不需要我们写一行代码。
总结回到我们最初的两个问题:
State是如何与Activity/Fragment的生命周期绑定的?
在Activity中添加一个ReportFragment(如果你的Activity继承AppCompatActivity,会在父类的onCreate()中添加ReportFragment,否则由LifecycleDispatcher添加),在ReportFragment生命周期函数中调用LifecycleRegistry.handleLifecycleEvent()方法改变State。
Event事件是如何分发到LifecycleObserver的?
LifecycleRegistry在收到handleLifecycleEvent()后,内部调用moveToState()方法,改变State值,每一次State值改变,都会调用LifecycleObserver.onStateChanged()方法将Event分发到LifecycleObserver
涨知识?学技能?关注微信公众号:Android必修课
文章版权归作者所有,未经允许请勿转载,若此文章存在违规行为,您可以联系管理员删除。
转载请注明本文地址:https://www.ucloud.cn/yun/77165.html
摘要:五六月份推荐集合查看最新的请点击集前端最近很火的框架资源定时更新,欢迎一下。苏幕遮燎沈香宋周邦彦燎沈香,消溽暑。鸟雀呼晴,侵晓窥檐语。叶上初阳乾宿雨,水面清圆,一一风荷举。家住吴门,久作长安旅。五月渔郎相忆否。小楫轻舟,梦入芙蓉浦。 五、六月份推荐集合 查看github最新的Vue weekly;请::点击::集web前端最近很火的vue2框架资源;定时更新,欢迎 Star 一下。 苏...
摘要:五六月份推荐集合查看最新的请点击集前端最近很火的框架资源定时更新,欢迎一下。苏幕遮燎沈香宋周邦彦燎沈香,消溽暑。鸟雀呼晴,侵晓窥檐语。叶上初阳乾宿雨,水面清圆,一一风荷举。家住吴门,久作长安旅。五月渔郎相忆否。小楫轻舟,梦入芙蓉浦。 五、六月份推荐集合 查看github最新的Vue weekly;请::点击::集web前端最近很火的vue2框架资源;定时更新,欢迎 Star 一下。 苏...
阅读 2921·2021-11-23 09:51
阅读 3159·2021-11-12 10:36
阅读 3202·2021-09-27 13:37
阅读 3155·2021-08-17 10:15
阅读 2585·2019-08-30 15:55
阅读 2747·2019-08-30 13:07
阅读 789·2019-08-29 16:32
阅读 2641·2019-08-26 12:00