Scrapy爬虫 - 获取知乎用户数据

Miyang 发布于2019-07-31 11:42 / 1803人阅读

摘要：爬虫获取知乎用户数据安装爬虫框架关于如何安装以及框架，这里不做介绍，请自行网上搜索。

2016-04-10

Scrapy爬虫 - 获取知乎用户数据 安装Scrapy爬虫框架

关于如何安装Python以及Scrapy框架，这里不做介绍，请自行网上搜索。

初始化

安装好Scrapy后，执行 scrapy startproject myspider
接下来你会看到 myspider 文件夹，目录结构如下：

scrapy.cfg

myspider

items.py

pipelines.py

settings.py

__init__.py

spiders

__init__.py

编写爬虫文件

在spiders目录下新建 users.py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import scrapy
import os
import time
from zhihu.items import UserItem
from zhihu.myconfig import UsersConfig # 爬虫配置

class UsersSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = "users"
    domain = "https://www.zhihu.com"
    login_url = "https://www.zhihu.com/login/email"
    headers = {
        "Accept": "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8",
        "Accept-Language": "zh-CN,zh;q=0.8",
        "Connection": "keep-alive",
        "Host": "www.zhihu.com",
        "Upgrade-Insecure-Requests": "1",
        "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_3) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/48.0.2564.109 Safari/537.36"
    }

    def __init__(self, url = None):
        self.user_url = url

    def start_requests(self):
        yield scrapy.Request(
            url = self.domain,
            headers = self.headers,
            meta = {
                "proxy": UsersConfig["proxy"],
                "cookiejar": 1
            },
            callback = self.request_captcha
        )

    def request_captcha(self, response):
        # 获取_xsrf值
        _xsrf = response.css("input[name="_xsrf"]::attr(value)").extract()[0]
        # 获取验证码地址
        captcha_url = "http://www.zhihu.com/captcha.gif?r=" + str(time.time() * 1000)
        # 准备下载验证码
        yield scrapy.Request(
            url = captcha_url,
            headers = self.headers,
            meta = {
                "proxy": UsersConfig["proxy"],
                "cookiejar": response.meta["cookiejar"],
                "_xsrf": _xsrf
            },
            callback = self.download_captcha
        )

    def download_captcha(self, response):
        # 下载验证码
        with open("captcha.gif", "wb") as fp:
            fp.write(response.body)
        # 用软件打开验证码图片
        os.system("start captcha.gif")
        # 输入验证码
        print "Please enter captcha: "
        captcha = raw_input()

        yield scrapy.FormRequest(
            url = self.login_url,
            headers = self.headers,
            formdata = {
                "email": UsersConfig["email"],
                "password": UsersConfig["password"],
                "_xsrf": response.meta["_xsrf"],
                "remember_me": "true",
                "captcha": captcha
            },
            meta = {
                "proxy": UsersConfig["proxy"],
                "cookiejar": response.meta["cookiejar"]
            },
            callback = self.request_zhihu
        )

    def request_zhihu(self, response):
        yield scrapy.Request(
            url = self.user_url + "/about",
            headers = self.headers,
            meta = {
                "proxy": UsersConfig["proxy"],
                "cookiejar": response.meta["cookiejar"],
                "from": {
                    "sign": "else",
                    "data": {}
                }
            },
            callback = self.user_item,
            dont_filter = True
        )

        yield scrapy.Request(
            url = self.user_url + "/followees",
            headers = self.headers,
            meta = {
                "proxy": UsersConfig["proxy"],
                "cookiejar": response.meta["cookiejar"],
                "from": {
                    "sign": "else",
                    "data": {}
                }
            },
            callback = self.user_start,
            dont_filter = True
        )

        yield scrapy.Request(
            url = self.user_url + "/followers",
            headers = self.headers,
            meta = {
                "proxy": UsersConfig["proxy"],
                "cookiejar": response.meta["cookiejar"],
                "from": {
                    "sign": "else",
                    "data": {}
                }
            },
            callback = self.user_start,
            dont_filter = True
        )

    def user_start(self, response):
        sel_root = response.xpath("//h2[@class="zm-list-content-title"]")
        # 判断关注列表是否为空
        if len(sel_root):
            for sel in sel_root:
                people_url = sel.xpath("a/@href").extract()[0]

                yield scrapy.Request(
                    url = people_url + "/about",
                    headers = self.headers,
                    meta = {
                        "proxy": UsersConfig["proxy"],
                        "cookiejar": response.meta["cookiejar"],
                        "from": {
                            "sign": "else",
                            "data": {}
                        }
                    },
                    callback = self.user_item,
                    dont_filter = True
                )

                yield scrapy.Request(
                    url = people_url + "/followees",
                    headers = self.headers,
                    meta = {
                        "proxy": UsersConfig["proxy"],
                        "cookiejar": response.meta["cookiejar"],
                        "from": {
                            "sign": "else",
                            "data": {}
                        }
                    },
                    callback = self.user_start,
                    dont_filter = True
                )

                yield scrapy.Request(
                    url = people_url + "/followers",
                    headers = self.headers,
                    meta = {
                        "proxy": UsersConfig["proxy"],
                        "cookiejar": response.meta["cookiejar"],
                        "from": {
                            "sign": "else",
                            "data": {}
                        }
                    },
                    callback = self.user_start,
                    dont_filter = True
                )

    def user_item(self, response):
        def value(list):
            return list[0] if len(list) else ""

        sel = response.xpath("//div[@class="zm-profile-header ProfileCard"]")

        item = UserItem()
        item["url"] = response.url[:-6]
        item["name"] = sel.xpath("//a[@class="name"]/text()").extract()[0].encode("utf-8")
        item["bio"] = value(sel.xpath("//span[@class="bio"]/@title").extract()).encode("utf-8")
        item["location"] = value(sel.xpath("//span[contains(@class, "location")]/@title").extract()).encode("utf-8")
        item["business"] = value(sel.xpath("//span[contains(@class, "business")]/@title").extract()).encode("utf-8")
        item["gender"] = 0 if sel.xpath("//i[contains(@class, "icon-profile-female")]") else 1
        item["avatar"] = value(sel.xpath("//img[@class="Avatar Avatar--l"]/@src").extract())
        item["education"] = value(sel.xpath("//span[contains(@class, "education")]/@title").extract()).encode("utf-8")
        item["major"] = value(sel.xpath("//span[contains(@class, "education-extra")]/@title").extract()).encode("utf-8")
        item["employment"] = value(sel.xpath("//span[contains(@class, "employment")]/@title").extract()).encode("utf-8")
        item["position"] = value(sel.xpath("//span[contains(@class, "position")]/@title").extract()).encode("utf-8")
        item["content"] = value(sel.xpath("//span[@class="content"]/text()").extract()).strip().encode("utf-8")
        item["ask"] = int(sel.xpath("//div[contains(@class, "profile-navbar")]/a[2]/span[@class="num"]/text()").extract()[0])
        item["answer"] = int(sel.xpath("//div[contains(@class, "profile-navbar")]/a[3]/span[@class="num"]/text()").extract()[0])
        item["agree"] = int(sel.xpath("//span[@class="zm-profile-header-user-agree"]/strong/text()").extract()[0])
        item["thanks"] = int(sel.xpath("//span[@class="zm-profile-header-user-thanks"]/strong/text()").extract()[0])

        yield item

添加爬虫配置文件

在myspider目录下新建myconfig.py，并添加以下内容，将你的配置信息填入相应位置

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
UsersConfig = {
    # 代理
    "proxy": "",

    # 知乎用户名和密码
    "email": "your email",
    "password": "your password",
}

DbConfig = {
    # db config
    "user": "db user",
    "passwd": "db password",
    "db": "db name",
    "host": "db host",
}

修改items.py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import scrapy

class UserItem(scrapy.Item):
    # define the fields for your item here like:
    url = scrapy.Field()
    name = scrapy.Field()
    bio = scrapy.Field()
    location = scrapy.Field()
    business = scrapy.Field()
    gender = scrapy.Field()
    avatar = scrapy.Field()
    education = scrapy.Field()
    major = scrapy.Field()
    employment = scrapy.Field()
    position = scrapy.Field()
    content = scrapy.Field()
    ask = scrapy.Field()
    answer = scrapy.Field()
    agree = scrapy.Field()
    thanks = scrapy.Field()

将用户数据存入mysql数据库

修改pipelines.py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import MySQLdb
import datetime
from zhihu.myconfig import DbConfig

class UserPipeline(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.conn = MySQLdb.connect(user = DbConfig["user"], passwd = DbConfig["passwd"], db = DbConfig["db"], host = DbConfig["host"], charset = "utf8", use_unicode = True)
        self.cursor = self.conn.cursor()
        # 清空表
        # self.cursor.execute("truncate table weather;")
        # self.conn.commit()

    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        curTime = datetime.datetime.now()
        try:
            self.cursor.execute(
                """INSERT IGNORE INTO users (url, name, bio, location, business, gender, avatar, education, major, employment, position, content, ask, answer, agree, thanks, create_at)
                VALUES (%s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s)""",
                (
                    item["url"],
                    item["name"],
                    item["bio"],
                    item["location"],
                    item["business"],
                    item["gender"],
                    item["avatar"],
                    item["education"],
                    item["major"],
                    item["employment"],
                    item["position"],
                    item["content"],
                    item["ask"],
                    item["answer"],
                    item["agree"],
                    item["thanks"],
                    curTime
                )
            )
            self.conn.commit()
        except MySQLdb.Error, e:
            print "Error %d %s" % (e.args[0], e.args[1])

        return item

修改settings.py

找到 ITEM_PIPELINES，改为：

ITEM_PIPELINES = {
   "myspider.pipelines.UserPipeline": 300,
}

在末尾添加，设置爬虫的深度

DEPTH_LIMIT=10

爬取知乎用户数据

确保MySQL已经打开，在项目根目录下打开终端，
执行 scrapy crawl users -a url=https://www.zhihu.com/people/，
其中user为爬虫的第一个用户，之后会根据该用户关注的人和被关注的人进行爬取数据
接下来会下载验证码图片，若未自动打开，请到根目录下打开 captcha.gif，在终端输入验证码
数据爬取Loading...

源码

源码可以在这里找到 github

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